The period marks a shift from purely technical risk assessment to a socio-technical framework that treats risk as an interplay between quantitative analysis, organizational practice, and cultural context. Researchers emphasize designing for resilience in highly complex, tightly coupled systems, developing formal risk quantification while also acknowledging the influence of culture, governance, and public perception on what is recognized, prioritized, or suppressed in risk management. Historical Significance: This era crystallizes the idea that risk governance emerges from the interaction of technical methods and social processes, laying the groundwork for integrated safety engineering, risk communication, and organizational practices that reconcile probabilistic models with cultural and institutional realities.